{ "meta": { "title": "European residency-by-investment programmes", "description": "Programme rules as published by the responsible authority or, where the authority publishes no consolidated English page, as reported consistently by at least two licensed advisers. Amounts in euros. One row per qualifying route.", "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "licence": "Facts are not copyrightable. Reuse with a link to the source column.", "publisher": "https://goldenvisaeurope.info", "url": "https://goldenvisaeurope.info/data/programmes.json" }, "sources": { "aima-ari": { "id": "aima-ari", "label": "Autorização de Residência para Investimento, Art. 90.º-A", "publisher": "AIMA", "url": "https://aima.gov.pt/pt/viver/autorizacao-de-residencia-para-investimento-art-90-o-a", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "lei-56-2023": { "id": "lei-56-2023", "label": "Lei n.º 56/2023, de 6 de outubro (Mais Habitação), amending the ARI regime", "publisher": "Diário da República", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/lei/56-2023-222674218", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "lei-23-2007": { "id": "lei-23-2007", "label": "Lei n.º 23/2007, de 4 de julho (legal regime of entry, stay, exit and removal of foreigners), consolidated", "publisher": "Diário da República", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/legislacao-consolidada/lei/2007-34513475", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "lo-1-2026": { "id": "lo-1-2026", "label": "Lei Orgânica n.º 1/2026, de 18 de maio, amending and republishing the Nationality Law (Lei n.º 37/81)", "publisher": "Diário da República n.º 95/2026, Série I", "url": "https://files.diariodarepublica.pt/1s/2026/05/09500/0000200020.pdf", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "portaria-307-2023": { "id": "portaria-307-2023", "label": "Portaria n.º 307/2023, de 13 de outubro (fee table for visas and residence permits)", "publisher": "Diário da República", "url": "https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/detalhe/portaria/307-2023-222805817", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "it-investor-visa": { "id": "it-investor-visa", "label": "Investor Visa for Italy, official programme site", "publisher": "Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy", "url": "https://investorvisa.mise.gov.it/index.php/en/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "gr-migration": { "id": "gr-migration", "label": "Residence permits for investors", "publisher": "Hellenic Ministry of Migration and Asylum", "url": "https://migration.gov.gr/en/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "mt-residency-malta": { "id": "mt-residency-malta", "label": "Malta Permanent Residence Programme", "publisher": "Residency Malta Agency", "url": "https://residencymalta.gov.mt/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "hu-iba": { "id": "hu-iba", "label": "The latest updates to the Guest Investor Residency Programme", "publisher": "International Bar Association", "url": "https://www.ibanet.org/the-latest-updates-to-the-Guest-Investor-Residency-Programme", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "cy-crmd": { "id": "cy-crmd", "label": "Immigration permits under Regulation 6(2)", "publisher": "Civil Registry and Migration Department, Cyprus", "url": "https://www.gov.cy/moi/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "lv-pmlp": { "id": "lv-pmlp", "label": "Residence permits, investors", "publisher": "Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs, Latvia", "url": "https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/en", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "es-boe-ley-14-2013": { "id": "es-boe-ley-14-2013", "label": "Ley 14/2013, de 27 de septiembre, consolidated text; articles 63 to 67 left without content from 3 April 2025 by Ley Orgánica 1/2025, final provision 21", "publisher": "Boletín Oficial del Estado", "url": "https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-2013-10074", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "es-boe-lo-1-2025": { "id": "es-boe-lo-1-2025", "label": "Ley Orgánica 1/2025, de 2 de enero, de medidas en materia de eficiencia del Servicio Público de Justicia; final provision 21 leaves articles 63 to 67 of Ley 14/2013 without content, in force three months after publication (3 April 2025)", "publisher": "Boletín Oficial del Estado, BOE-A-2025-76", "url": "https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2025-76", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "es-kpmg": { "id": "es-kpmg", "label": "Spain: elimination of the investor (Golden) visa from 3 April 2025", "publisher": "KPMG GMS Flash Alert 2025-008", "url": "https://kpmg.com/xx/en/our-insights/gms-flash-alert/flash-alert-2025-008.html", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "gcs-pgv": { "id": "gcs-pgv", "label": "Portugal Golden Visa guide", "publisher": "Global Citizen Solutions", "url": "https://www.globalcitizensolutions.com/golden-visa-portugal/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "gcs-hungary": { "id": "gcs-hungary", "label": "Hungary Golden Visa guide", "publisher": "Global Citizen Solutions", "url": "https://www.globalcitizensolutions.com/hungary-golden-visa/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "gcs-malta": { "id": "gcs-malta", "label": "Malta Permanent Residence Programme guide", "publisher": "Global Citizen Solutions", "url": "https://www.globalcitizensolutions.com/malta-residency-by-investment/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "gcs-latvia": { "id": "gcs-latvia", "label": "Latvia Golden Visa guide", "publisher": "Global Citizen Solutions", "url": "https://www.globalcitizensolutions.com/latvia-golden-visa/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "cirs-art-16": { "id": "cirs-art-16", "label": "Código do IRS, artigo 16.º (Residência): the 183-day and habitual-dwelling tests for tax residence", "publisher": "Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira, Portal das Finanças", "url": "https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/cirs_rep/Pages/irs16.aspx", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "iba-ifici": { "id": "iba-ifici", "label": "An overview of Portugal's new IFICI regime (the regime that replaced NHR for new residents from 2024)", "publisher": "International Bar Association", "url": "https://www.ibanet.org/overview-Portugal-new-IFICI-regime", "accessed": "2026-09-03" }, "gcs-spain": { "id": "gcs-spain", "label": "Spain eliminated the Golden Visa in April 2025", "publisher": "Global Citizen Solutions", "url": "https://www.globalcitizensolutions.com/spain-golden-visa-changes/", "accessed": "2026-09-03" } }, "programmes": [ { "id": "pt", "country": "Portugal", "programme": "Residence permit for investment (ARI)", "status": "open", "authority": "AIMA (Agency for Integration, Migration and Asylum)", "authorityUrl": "https://aima.gov.pt/pt/viver/autorizacao-de-residencia-para-investimento-art-90-o-a", "legalBasis": "Lei 23/2007 art. 90-A, as amended by Lei 56/2023", "permit": "Temporary residence, 2 years, renewable while the investment is held", "minimumStayDays": "7 in the first year, 14 in each subsequent period", "permanentResidenceYears": 5, "citizenshipYears": "10 (7 for EU and CPLP nationals) under Lei Orgânica 1/2026, counted from the grant of the permit", "familyIncluded": "Spouse or partner, dependent children, dependent parents", "realEstateRoute": false, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "pt-fund", "route": "Investment fund", "minimumEur": 500000, "type": "fund", "detail": "Units in non-real-estate collective investment undertakings under Portuguese law, maturity at least 5 years, at least 60% invested in companies headquartered in Portugal", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "fund" }, { "id": "pt-research", "route": "Scientific research", "minimumEur": 500000, "type": "donation-like", "detail": "Capital applied to research activities at public or private institutions in the national scientific and technological system", "lowDensityEur": 400000, "filterType": "donation" }, { "id": "pt-culture", "route": "Cultural heritage or artistic production", "minimumEur": 250000, "type": "donation", "detail": "Support to artistic production or to the recovery and maintenance of national cultural heritage, through qualifying public bodies or public-utility foundations. Not returned to the investor", "lowDensityEur": 200000, "filterType": "donation" }, { "id": "pt-company", "route": "Company and jobs", "minimumEur": 500000, "type": "company", "detail": "Incorporate a company headquartered in Portugal creating 5 permanent jobs, or increase the capital of an existing company creating 5 permanent jobs or maintaining 10 jobs (5 permanent), for at least 3 years", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "company" }, { "id": "pt-jobs", "route": "Job creation", "minimumEur": null, "type": "company", "detail": "Create at least 10 jobs in Portugal. No minimum capital amount is set; the jobs are the requirement", "lowDensityEur": null, "lowDensityNote": "8 jobs in low-density territory", "filterType": "company" } ], "notes": "Property purchase and the EUR 1.5 million capital-transfer route were removed on 7 October 2023. The investment may not be directed, directly or indirectly, at real estate.", "sources": [ "aima-ari", "lei-23-2007", "lei-56-2023", "lo-1-2026" ] }, { "id": "gr", "country": "Greece", "programme": "Residence permit for investors (Golden Visa)", "status": "open", "authority": "Ministry of Migration and Asylum", "authorityUrl": "https://migration.gov.gr/en/", "legalBasis": "Law 5038/2023 as amended in 2024", "permit": "5 years, renewable while the property is held", "minimumStayDays": "None", "permanentResidenceYears": null, "citizenshipYears": "7 years of residence with physical presence and language requirements; the Golden Visa alone does not lead there", "familyIncluded": "Spouse, children under 21, parents of both spouses", "realEstateRoute": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "gr-800", "route": "Property, high-demand zones", "minimumEur": 800000, "type": "property", "detail": "Attica, Thessaloniki, Mykonos, Santorini and islands with more than 3,100 inhabitants. One property of at least 120 m2. No short-term letting", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" }, { "id": "gr-400", "route": "Property, other regions", "minimumEur": 400000, "type": "property", "detail": "Rest of Greece. One property of at least 120 m2. No short-term letting", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" }, { "id": "gr-250", "route": "Property, conversion or listed restoration", "minimumEur": 250000, "type": "property", "detail": "Conversion of a commercial building to residential use, or restoration of a listed building, anywhere in Greece", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" } ], "notes": "Thresholds in force since 1 September 2024.", "sources": [ "gr-migration" ] }, { "id": "it", "country": "Italy", "programme": "Investor Visa for Italy", "status": "open", "authority": "Ministry of Enterprises and Made in Italy (Investor Visa Committee)", "authorityUrl": "https://investorvisa.mise.gov.it/index.php/en/", "legalBasis": "Decreto Legislativo 286/1998 art. 26-bis", "permit": "2-year visa and permit, renewable for 3 years while the investment is held", "minimumStayDays": "None stated", "permanentResidenceYears": 5, "citizenshipYears": "10 years of residence", "familyIncluded": "Spouse, minor children, dependent adult children and parents", "realEstateRoute": false, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "it-bonds", "route": "Government bonds", "minimumEur": 2000000, "type": "bonds", "detail": "Italian government bonds held for at least 2 years", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "bonds" }, { "id": "it-company", "route": "Italian company", "minimumEur": 500000, "type": "company", "detail": "Equity in an Italian limited company (S.p.A. or S.r.l.)", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "company" }, { "id": "it-startup", "route": "Innovative start-up", "minimumEur": 250000, "type": "company", "detail": "Equity in a company registered as an innovative start-up", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "company" }, { "id": "it-donation", "route": "Philanthropic donation", "minimumEur": 1000000, "type": "donation", "detail": "Donation to a project of public interest in culture, education, immigration management, research or heritage", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "donation" } ], "notes": "The investment must be made within 3 months of entering Italy.", "sources": [ "it-investor-visa" ] }, { "id": "mt", "country": "Malta", "programme": "Malta Permanent Residence Programme (MPRP)", "status": "open", "authority": "Residency Malta Agency", "authorityUrl": "https://residencymalta.gov.mt/", "legalBasis": "Legal Notice 121 of 2021 as amended (2025 rules)", "permit": "Permanent residence certificate; card renewed every 5 years", "minimumStayDays": "None", "permanentResidenceYears": 0, "citizenshipYears": "No direct route; naturalisation is discretionary after long residence", "familyIncluded": "Spouse, dependent children, dependent parents and grandparents", "realEstateRoute": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "mt-buy", "route": "Buy property plus contribution", "minimumEur": 375000, "type": "property", "detail": "Property in Malta or Gozo held for 5 years, plus EUR 37,000 government contribution, EUR 60,000 administration fee and EUR 2,000 donation", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" }, { "id": "mt-rent", "route": "Rent property plus contribution", "minimumEur": 14000, "type": "property", "detail": "Annual rent of at least EUR 14,000 for 5 years, plus EUR 37,000 government contribution, EUR 60,000 administration fee and EUR 2,000 donation", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" } ], "notes": "Applicants must show assets of EUR 500,000 (EUR 150,000 financial) or EUR 650,000 (EUR 75,000 financial) and apply through a licensed agent. Rules in force since 1 January 2025.", "sources": [ "mt-residency-malta" ] }, { "id": "hu", "country": "Hungary", "programme": "Guest Investor Programme", "status": "open", "authority": "National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing", "authorityUrl": "https://oif.gov.hu/", "legalBasis": "Act XC of 2023", "permit": "10 years, renewable once for 10 years", "minimumStayDays": "None", "permanentResidenceYears": null, "citizenshipYears": "Not a citizenship route", "familyIncluded": "Spouse and dependent children", "realEstateRoute": false, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "hu-fund", "route": "Real-estate fund units", "minimumEur": 250000, "type": "fund", "detail": "Units in a fund approved by the Hungarian authorities, at least 40% invested in Hungarian residential property, held for 5 years", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "fund" }, { "id": "hu-donation", "route": "Donation", "minimumEur": 1000000, "type": "donation", "detail": "Donation to a public-interest trust supporting higher education", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "donation" } ], "notes": "The EUR 500,000 direct property route was removed on 15 January 2025.", "sources": [ "hu-iba", "gcs-hungary" ] }, { "id": "cy", "country": "Cyprus", "programme": "Permanent residence permit by investment (Regulation 6(2))", "status": "open", "authority": "Civil Registry and Migration Department", "authorityUrl": "https://www.gov.cy/moi/", "legalBasis": "Aliens and Immigration Regulations, Regulation 6(2)", "permit": "Permanent, provided the holder visits at least once every 2 years", "minimumStayDays": "One visit every 2 years", "permanentResidenceYears": 0, "citizenshipYears": "Naturalisation after long residence with physical presence; not a fast route", "familyIncluded": "Spouse and dependent children", "realEstateRoute": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "cy-300", "route": "New residential property, company or fund", "minimumEur": 300000, "type": "property", "detail": "New residential property from a developer, or shares in a Cypriot company employing at least 5 people, or units in a Cypriot collective investment fund. Annual income of at least EUR 50,000 plus EUR 15,000 for a spouse and EUR 10,000 per child", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" } ], "notes": "Investment and health insurance must be evidenced each year.", "sources": [ "cy-crmd" ] }, { "id": "lv", "country": "Latvia", "programme": "Temporary residence permit for investors", "status": "changing", "authority": "Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs (PMLP)", "authorityUrl": "https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/en", "legalBasis": "Immigration Law, section 23", "permit": "5 years, with annual registration", "minimumStayDays": "None, but annual registration", "permanentResidenceYears": 5, "citizenshipYears": "10 years with language requirement", "familyIncluded": "Spouse and minor children", "realEstateRoute": true, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [ { "id": "lv-company", "route": "Company share capital", "minimumEur": 50000, "type": "company", "detail": "Share capital of a Latvian company meeting turnover or tax thresholds, plus a EUR 10,000 state payment", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "company" }, { "id": "lv-property", "route": "Property", "minimumEur": 250000, "type": "property", "detail": "One property outside Riga and Jurmala, or in Riga above the threshold, plus a 5% state payment. Amendments approved by Parliament in June 2026 would remove this route from 1 January 2027; the President returned the law for review and it is not in force", "lowDensityEur": null, "filterType": "property" } ], "notes": "Rules are in flux. Check PMLP before relying on any route.", "sources": [ "lv-pmlp" ] }, { "id": "es", "country": "Spain", "programme": "Investor residence visa (Ley 14/2013)", "status": "closed", "authority": "Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration", "authorityUrl": "https://www.inclusion.gob.es/", "legalBasis": "Ley 14/2013, investor provisions repealed with effect from 3 April 2025", "permit": "No new applications", "minimumStayDays": "n/a", "permanentResidenceYears": null, "citizenshipYears": "n/a", "familyIncluded": "n/a", "realEstateRoute": false, "lastVerified": "2026-09-03", "routes": [], "notes": "Closed to new applicants on 3 April 2025. Existing holders keep their permits and renewal rights.", "sources": [ "es-boe-ley-14-2013" ] } ] }